1. For round fixtures Pi acquires a precise physical meaning
2. Pi is the final fraction in terms of perceived physical (mass-significant) matter:)
3. Fractional remainder of Pi goes to photons
4. Since C1 *, C2 *, C3 * are linear to spiral of prime numbers, it can be considered that the points of which they consist are ideal circles.They are still points.V Thus each circle with center of these points can be regarded as an ideal sphere. Finding such a circle in the sense of helix of prime numbers will lead to finding the exact final order of Pi in the physical sense:)
5. Physical meaning of the word - all tangible physical quantities that can be developed by triangles Lagrange
6. pi = (the circumference) / (diameter j)
7. pi ^ 2 = S / (4 * (r ^ 2))
8. => S area of the circle X is linearized in circumference X
9. r of this circle will be Distance
10. It is clear that will be mentioned for each r => face of this circle will be space
11. Length of a circle is area of the spiral of prime numbers. Face of the circle lies in the spiral space of prime numbers
12. This proves that if you can describe a circle around the speed-gravitational-BC-CD quadrangle, the intersection of the diagonals is indeed gravitationally breaking point

Circle of space

passes through points 4.15 and Summit 19-5

Circle of Time-space

passes through points 4,15 и 18

1. Center of the circle of space-time will be the center of the wrapping of the space-time

1. 2. => Circumference of the space-time (O) / 2 times the radius of the circle of space-time (2R) = Pi perfectly just in the physical sense
  3. O and 2R can be called ideal
  4. That is, there will be two exact numbers that divide one another - they will have accurate figures and fractions will be able to take into account what is called in physics "negligible"
  5. Here as a vital condition is what is the unit of cm for example, but ranging from C1 * and go through that Gravity should work in absolute terms!
  6. If you enjoyed C1 * out that the physical meaning is not constant, there is dt
  7. According to my theory Pi is constant,> these two triangles are interconnected as a system (eg, Earth-Moon) => they are expressed as a system (eg C1 *, C2 *, C3 * + c1 *, c2 *, c3 *), as in time => dt = 1 => PI = const in the physical sense
  8. Proof is that the force of gravity F = M * g is always maintained in such a system
  9. it can be expressed only through the mass of a body only through the mass of the other body, or a system as a whole both

Ulam spiral

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The Ulam spiral, or prime spiral (in other languages also called the Ulam Cloth) is a simple method of visualizing the prime numbers that reveals the apparent tendency of certain quadratic polynomials to generate unusually large numbers of primes. It was discovered by the mathematician Stanislaw Ulam in 1963, while he was doodling during the presentation of a “long and very boring paper”^[1] at a scientific meeting. Shortly afterwards, in an early application of computer graphics, Ulam with collaborators Myron Stein and Mark Wells used MANIAC II at Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory to produce pictures of the spiral for numbers up to 65,000.^[2]^[1]^[3] In March of the following year, Martin Gardner wrote about the Ulam spiral in his Mathematical Games column;^[1] the Ulam spiral featured on the front cover of the issue of Scientific American in which the column appeared.

Ulam constructed the spiral by writing down a regular rectangular grid of numbers, starting with 1 at the center, and spiraling out:

He then circled all of the prime numbers and he got the following picture:

To his surprise, the circled numbers tended to line up along diagonal lines. The image below is a 200×200 Ulam spiral, where primes are black. Diagonal lines are clearly visible, confirming the pattern. Horizontal and vertical lines, while less prominent, are also evident.

Ulam spiral of size 200×200

All prime numbers, except for the number 2, are odd numbers. Since in the Ulam spiral adjacent diagonals are alternatively odd and even numbers, it is no surprise that all prime numbers lie in alternate diagonals of the Ulam spiral. What is startling is the tendency of prime numbers to lie on some diagonals more than others.

Tests so far confirm that there are diagonal lines even when many numbers are plotted. The pattern also seems to appear even if the number at the center is not 1 (and can, in fact, be much larger than 1). This implies that there are many integer constants b and c such that the function:

f(n) = 4n² + bn + c

generates, as n counts up {1, 2, 3, ...}, a number of primes that is large by comparison with the proportion of primes among numbers of similar magnitude.

Remarkably, in a passage from his 1956 novel The City and the Stars, author Arthur C. Clarke describes the prime spiral seven years before it was discovered by Ulam. Apparently, Clarke did not notice the pattern revealed by the Prime Spiral because he "never actually performed this thought experiment."^[4]

According to Ed Pegg, Jr., the herpetologist Laurence M. Klauber proposed the use of a prime number spiral in finding prime-rich quadratic polynomials in 1932, more than thirty years prior to Ulam's discovery.^[5]

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[edit] Hardy and Littlewood's Conjecture F

In their famous 1923 paper on the Goldbach Conjecture, Hardy and Littlewood stated a series of conjectures, one of which, if true, would explain some of the striking features of the Ulam spiral. This conjecture, which Hardy and Littlewood called “Conjecture F”, is a special case of the Bateman–Horn conjecture and asserts an asymptotic formula for the number of primes of the form ax²+bx+c. Rays emanating from the central region of the Ulam spiral making angles of 45° with the horizontal and vertical correspond to numbers of the form 4x²+bx+c with b even; horizontal and vertical rays correspond to numbers of the same form with b odd. Conjecture F provides a formula that can be used to estimate the density of primes along such rays. It implies that there will be considerable variability in the density along different rays. In particular, the density is highly sensitive to the discriminant of the polynomial, b²−16c.

The primes of the form 4x²-2x+41 with x=0, 1, 2, ... have been highlighted. The prominent parallel line in the lower half of the figure corresponds to 4x²+2x+41 or, equivalently, to negative values of x.

Conjecture F is concerned with polynomials of the form ax²+bx+c where a, b, and c are integers and a is positive. If the coefficients contain a common factor greater than 1 or if the discriminant Δ=b²−4ac is a perfect square, the polynomial factorizes and therefore produces composite numbers as x takes the values 0, 1, 2, ... (except possibly for one or two values of x where one of the factors equals 1). Moreover, if a+b and c are both even, the polynomial produces only even values, and is therefore composite except possibly for the value 2. Hardy and Littlewood assert that, apart from these situations, ax²+bx+c takes prime values infinitely often as x takes the values 0, 1, 2, ... This statement is a special case of an earlier conjecture of Bunyakovsky and remains open. Hardy and Littlewood further assert that, asymptotically, the number P(n) of primes of the form ax²+bx+c and less than n is given by

$P(n)\sim A\frac{1}{\sqrt{a}}\frac{\sqrt{n}}{\log n}$

where A depends on a, b, and c but not on n. By the prime number theorem, this formula with A set equal to one is the asymptotic number of primes less than n expected in a random set of numbers having the same density as the set of numbers of the form ax²+bx+c. But since A can take values bigger or smaller than 1, some polynomials, according to the conjecture, will be especially rich in primes, and others especially poor. An unusually rich polynomial is 4x²−2x+41 which forms a visible line in the Ulam spiral. The constant A for this polynomial is approximately 6.6, meaning that the numbers it generates are almost seven times as likely to be prime as random numbers of comparable size, according to the conjecture. This particular polynomial is related to Euler's prime-generating polynomial x²−x+41 by replacing x with 2x, or equivalently, by restricting x to the even numbers. Hardy and Littlewood's formula for the constant A is

$A=\varepsilon\prod_p\left(\frac{p}{p-1}\right)\prod_{\tilde\omega}\left(1-\frac{1}{\tilde\omega-1}\left(\frac{\Delta}{\tilde\omega}\right)\right).$

In the first product, p is a prime dividing both a and b; in the second product, $\tilde\omega$ is an odd prime not dividing a. The quantity ε is defined to be 1 if a+b is odd and 2 if a+b is even. The symbol $\left(\frac{\Delta}{\tilde\omega}\right)$ is the Legendre symbol. A quadratic polynomial with A ≈ 11.3, currently the highest known value, has been discovered by Jacobson and Williams.^[6]^[7]

[edit] Sacks spiral

Robert Sacks devised a variant of the Ulam spiral in 1994. In the Sacks spiral the non-negative integers are plotted on an Archimedean spiral rather than the square spiral used by Ulam, and are spaced so that one perfect square occurs in each full rotation. (In the Ulam spiral, two squares occur in each rotation.) Euler's prime-generating polynomial, x²−x+41, now appears as a single curve as x takes the values 0, 1, 2, ... This curve asymptotically approaches a horizontal line in the left half of the figure. (In the Ulam spiral, Euler's polynomial forms two diagonal lines, one in the top half of the figure, corresponding to even values of x in the sequence, the other in the bottom half of the figure corresponding to odd values of x in the sequence.)

Triangles of Lagrang:

Pages

23 February 2011

Special theory of Relativity on Ulam spiral

Pi. Circles of space and space-time

ABCD rectangle

Ulam spiral

Ulam spiral

Contents

[edit] Hardy and Littlewood's Conjecture F

[edit] Sacks spiral

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